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Disbursements of foreign aid are guided (in part) by the needs of the poor. Anticipating this, recipients have little incentive to improve the welfare of the poor. In principle, conditionality could partly solve the problem, but t...
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Disbursements of foreign aid are guided (in part) by the needs of the poor. Anticipating this, recipients have little incentive to improve the welfare of the poor. In principle, conditionality could partly solve the problem, but this requires a strong commitment ability by the donor. Without such a commitment technology, aid will be allocated (partly) to those in most need, and the recipient governments will exert low effort in alleviating poverty. Contrary to conventional wisdom in the aid literature, we show that tied project aid and delegation of part of the aid budget to an (international) agency with less aversion to poverty improve welfare of the poor in the recipient countries.
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In the long run tax effort, we argue, determines the effectiveness of aid, and this relationship operates simultaneously with the negative link in the opposite direction observed by Brautigam and Knack (2004) and others. Tax effor...
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In the long run tax effort, we argue, determines the effectiveness of aid, and this relationship operates simultaneously with the negative link in the opposite direction observed by Brautigam and Knack (2004) and others. Tax effort and the ability of the state to diversify its taxation structure, we find, are significantly linked to growth and poverty indicators. The key message for policy is that a broadening of the tax structure in low-income countries is crucial in order to enable those countries to escape from the "weak-state-low-tax trap," and to make aid effective. (C) 2014 UNU-Wider. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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Patients with HIV and AIDS in Bandung are problems that need treatment so that the number of people with HIV and AIDS decreases. This study aims to find out how the implementation of HIV and AIDS prevention policies in the city of...
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Patients with HIV and AIDS in Bandung are problems that need treatment so that the number of people with HIV and AIDS decreases. This study aims to find out how the implementation of HIV and AIDS prevention policies in the city of Bandung and the driving and inhibiting factors by using the theory of Van Metter and Van Horn policy implementation. This study uses qualitative methods with a purposive sampling technique in determining informants and uses triangulation techniques in data analysis. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of HIV and AIDS prevention policies in the city of Bandung is still not going well because of the factors that have not been externally driven by a boost program, lack of public understanding and the absence of HIV AIDS drugs to cure the disease completely.
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For persons battling HIV/AIDS a stable place to live may decide the length and quality of life itself. It is nearly impossible for a person on the streets to engage in a needed continuous AIDS treatment regimen when the very basic...
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For persons battling HIV/AIDS a stable place to live may decide the length and quality of life itself. It is nearly impossible for a person on the streets to engage in a needed continuous AIDS treatment regimen when the very basic question of where that person will rest his or her head when darkness comes in just a few hours is unresolved. When danger lurks on the streets, when cold numbs the limbs, when tiredness overwhelms the mind, when fear breaks the spirit, a place to call home would make all the difference.
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We rank European countries' collective commitment to development on seven cross-border issues: aid, trade, investment, migration, environment, security and technology. We calculate a consolidated score for 21 European countries an...
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We rank European countries' collective commitment to development on seven cross-border issues: aid, trade, investment, migration, environment, security and technology. We calculate a consolidated score for 21 European countries and show that they perform well on aid and environment but lag the rest of the world on trade and technology. We find that Europe's approach to development energetically tackles the symptoms of poor economic opportunities for developing countries by providing relatively effective aid, but there is an opportunity to do more to tackle the underlying structural causes of poverty.
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Current aid rhetoric emphasizes the selective allocation of otherwise unconditional funds in support of the recipients' own plans, in contrast to the old donor practice of bundling money and policies. I show that when recipients h...
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Current aid rhetoric emphasizes the selective allocation of otherwise unconditional funds in support of the recipients' own plans, in contrast to the old donor practice of bundling money and policies. I show that when recipients have private information, policies reflecting their preferences and knowledge might result in such a regime. However, generous transfers can also induce them to conform to the outcome-oriented expectations of donors at the expense of lower aid impact. Such behaviour is consistent with an abundance of case-study evidence. Moderate disagreements over what the optimal policy is could actually produce better results. Certain forms of both donor competition and coordination might also eliminate this distortion, while a donor concern for need only removes incentives for aid-seeking in the least needy countries. In summary, optimal aid policies are highly context-specific, and donors should thus concentrate their efforts to practise more informed selectivity.
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Foreign aid is a sizable source of government financing for several developing countries and its allocation matters for the conduct of fiscal policy. This article revisits the fiscal effects of shifts in aid dependency in 59 devel...
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Foreign aid is a sizable source of government financing for several developing countries and its allocation matters for the conduct of fiscal policy. This article revisits the fiscal effects of shifts in aid dependency in 59 developing countries from 1960 to 2010. It identifies structural shifts in aid dependency and uses treatment effect methods to assess the fiscal effects of aid. It finds that shifts in aid dependency are frequent and have significant fiscal effects in developing countries. In addition to the traditional evidences of tax and investment displacement and aid illusion,' we show that upward shifts and downward shifts in aid dependency have asymmetric effects on fiscal accounts in developing countries. Large aid inflows undermine tax capacity and public investment while large reductions in aid inflows tend to keep recipients' fiscal behaviour intact. Moreover, the tax displacement effect tends to be temporary while the impacts on expenditure items tend to last. Finally, we find that the undesirable fiscal effects of aid are more pronounced in countries with low governance score and low absorptive capacity.
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In 1995, the State Council issued “the Notice on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of AIDS (NSPCA) ” , creating the first policy specifically dedicated to orchestrating a cohesive HIV response among government agencies. T...
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In 1995, the State Council issued “the Notice on Strengthening the Prevention and Control of AIDS (NSPCA) ” , creating the first policy specifically dedicated to orchestrating a cohesive HIV response among government agencies. The following year, the State Council advanced this effort by approving the establishment of the Issues Concerning the Coordination Conference System for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). This system introduced a formal coordination mechanism that encompassed various agencies ( 5 ). By 2004, in an effort to further enhance the leadership and collaboration in the fight against HIV/AIDS, the State Council formally established the State Council AIDS Working Committee (SCAWC). Identification and Categorization of Policy Focus Areas: We endeavor to refine the methodology for classifying policies according to their salient content. Upon reviewing the content, we categorized 471 pertinent policies and events into 16 distinct classifications, as delineated in Table 1 . Open in a separate window Figure 1 Number of policies issued from 1984 to 2021. Table 2 Policy focus areas by issuing agencies. Policy focus areas n (%) Issuing agencies State Council ( n =104), % MOH ( n =223), % Other ministries* ( n =61), % MOH-led with other ministries ( n =50), % Other ministry led ? ( n =33), % Abbreviation: MOH=ministry of health; HIV=human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS=acquired immune deficiency syndrome. * Other Ministries: ministries (other than the MOH) collaborated to issue policies together, without an apparent lead. ? Other Ministry Led: a ministry other than the MOH led the policy development, however, the MOH may still be part of the policy development. Treatment 28 (5.9) 1.0 8.5 6.6 2.0 9.1 Public education 85 (18.0) 21.2 11.2 23.0 24.0 36.4 Surveillance and monitoring 26 (5.5) 1.9 8.5 1.6 8.0 0.0 Social engagement and participation 6 (1.3) 0.0 0.9 0.0 6.0 3.0 Governmental departments coordination 25 (5.3) 14.4 3.6 3.3 0.0 0.0 Oversight and evaluation of policy implementation 23 (4.9) 7.7 5.4 1.6 4.0 0.0 Assistance to people affected by HIV/AIDS 8 (1.7) 0.0 0.4 6.6 2.0 6.1 Strategic plans 25 (5.3) 14.4 2.7 3.3 4.0 0.0 International collaborations 25 (5.3) 4.8 8.1 0.0 2.0 3.0 Specific interventions to transmission routes 66 (14.0) 1.9 20.6 8.2 22.0 6.1 Scientific studies and researches 35 (7.4) 1.0 4.0 24.6 10.0 15.2 Comprehensive policies 37 (7.9) 7.7 8.5 9.8 4.0 3.0 Initiations & reforms of government program management mechanism and personnel training 21 (4.5) 5.8 4.9 3.3 2.0 3.0 Academic conferences 9 (1.9) 0.0 2.7 0.0 2.0 6.1 Press releases 6 (1.3) 1.0 2.2 0.0 2.0 0.0 Other areas 46 (9.8) 17.3 7.6 8.2 6.0 9.1 Open in a separate window Table 3 HIV/AIDS policy development by government policy agenda periods. Items Whole period (1982–2021) Level of government agendas DAP (1982–1994) MOH agenda NAP (1995–2021) NAP (1995–2021) NAP I (1995–2003) NAP II (2004–2021) Abbreviation: HIV=human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS=acquired immune deficiency syndrome; DPA=department-agenda period; MOH=ministry of health; NAP=national-agenda period; NAP I=Joint Conference Period; NAP II=State Council AIDS Working Committee Period. Total policies issued ( n ) 471 58 413 131 282 Average policies per year ( n ) 11.8 4.5 15.3 14.6 15.7 Government agencies issued policies (%) State Council 22.1 10.3 23.7 13.7 28.4 Ministry of Health 47.3 56.9 46.0 61.8 38.7 Other ministry 13.0 10.3 13.3 13.0 13.5 Health led with other ministries 10.6 19.0 9.4 9.2 9.6 Other ministry led 7.0 3.4 7.5 2.3 9.9 Policy focus areas (%) Treatment 5.9 1.7 6.5 6.9 6.4 Public education 18.0 12.1 18.9 13.7 21.3 Surveillance and monitoring 5.5 15.5 4.1 6.1 3.2 Social engagement and participation 1.3 3.4 1.0 0.0 1.4 Governmental departments coordination 5.3 1.7 5.8 9.9 3.9 Oversight and evaluation of policy implementation 4.9 1.7 5.3 3.1 6.4 Assistance to people affected by HIV/AIDS 1.7 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.8 Strategic plans 5.3 3.4 5.6 5.3 5.7 International collaborations 5.3 3.4 5.6 9.9 3.5 Specific interventions to transmission routes 14.0 24.1 12.6 19.8 9.2 Scientific studies and researches 7.4 3.4 8.0 2.3 10.6 Comprehensive policies 7.6 10.3 7.3 6.1 7.8 Initiations & reforms of government program management mechanism and personnel training 4.5 12.1 3.4 3.8 3.2 Academic conferences 1.9 0.0 2.2 4.6 1.1 Press releases 1.5 3.4 1.2 2.3 0.7 Other areas 9.8 3.4 10.7 6.1 12.8 Open in a separate window In the analysis of the NAP (1995–2021), there is a discernible trend in the reallocation of policy-making authority. The MOH, whether acting independently or in collaboration with other ministries, experienced a reduction in its share of policy initiatives — from 56.9% to 46% for MOH-led policies, and from 19.0% to 9.4% for those involving a partnership with other ministries. In contrast, the role of the State Council in policy enactment has more than doubled, increasing from 10.3% to 23.7%. During distinct periods, pol
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This is an introduction to the UNU-WIDER special issue of World Development on aid policy and the macroeconomic management of aid. We provide an overview of the 10 studies, grouping them under three sub-themes: the aid growth rela...
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This is an introduction to the UNU-WIDER special issue of World Development on aid policy and the macroeconomic management of aid. We provide an overview of the 10 studies, grouping them under three sub-themes: the aid growth relationship; the supply-side of aid (including its level, volatility, and coordination of donors); and the macroeconomic framework around aid. The studies in the special issue demonstrate the centrality of research methodology, the importance of disaggregation, and the need to account for country-specific situations and problems. This introduction concludes that the sometimes "over heated" debate on aid needs redirecting toward more rigorous analysis, in which the advantages and disadvantages of using aid for development can be evaluated in a calmer manner. (C) 2014 UNU-Wider. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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The passage of these two bills occurred just in time for a midterm congressional election for which many candidates campaigned on the platform of seeking to revoke or overturn the PPACA. At the time of this writing, the constituti...
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The passage of these two bills occurred just in time for a midterm congressional election for which many candidates campaigned on the platform of seeking to revoke or overturn the PPACA. At the time of this writing, the constitutionality of the mandate that individuals be required to purchase health insurance is being considered in several federal district courts around the country, and the question is likely to be brought before the United States Supreme Court during its 2011-2012 session. No matter what happens, debates related to this legislation will continue at least until the presidential and congressional election in 2012. National opinion polls have indicated that, while a majority of Americans support intervention and even increased spending in specific areas addressed by the law, at the same time many do not favor increased federal spending (Blendon, Benson, SteelFisher, & Connolly, 2010).
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